Sains Malaysiana 53(2)(2024): 335-345

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5302-08

Proximate Composition, Phytochemical Analysis and Toxicity Assessment of Extracts of Caulerpa lentillifera using Autoclave- and Microwave-Assisted Extractions

(Komposisi Proksimat, Analisis Fitokimia dan Penilaian Ketoksikan Ekstrak Caulerpa lentillifera menggunakan Pengekstrakan Berbantu Autoklaf dan Mikrogelombang)

SARANYA PEERAKIETKHAJORN^1,*, WIRAWAN WORAKIT¹, CHURAIRAT MOUKAMNERD² & CHITTIPONG TIPBUNJONG ³

¹Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand

²Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University 155 M. 2, Mae Hia, Muang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand

³Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand

Received: 23 June 2023/Accepted: 23 January 2024

Abstract

Caulerpa lentilliferais a marine alga widely cultured and consumed in Asia and Oceania.  Emerging green techniques are currently popular for phytochemical extraction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the proximate compositions, phytochemicals, and antioxidant properties of the C. lentilliferaextracts using autoclave-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction methods (A-CLE and M-CLE, respectively). The toxicity of extracts was tested against human normal colon cells and freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. We found that crude lipid, ash and moisture contents in A-CLE were lower than those in M-CLE, while crude protein and crude carbohydrate were higher in A-CLE. Total flavonoid content in A-CLE (1.474 ± 0.046 mg QE g^-1 extract) was higher than that in M-CLE (1.179 ± 0.054 mg QE g^-1 extract). There was no difference in total phenolic contents, triterpenoid contents and antioxidant activities between the extracts. The IC₅₀ of A-CLE (12,260 ± 197 µg mL^-1) was higher than that of M-CLE (10,950 ± 169 µg mL^-1). In the acute toxicity test, the LC₅₀ of A-CLE against D. magna (7.50 ± 0.28 g L^-1) was lower than LC₅₀ of M-CLE (8.76 ± 0.26 g L^-1). This study suggest that autoclave-assisted and microwave-assisted extractions are effective green methods of extracting C. lentillifera. This study will be useful for further studies of C. lentillifera extracts to improve human and animal health.

Keywords: Antioxidant; autoclave-assisted extraction; Caulerpa lentillifera; microwave-assisted extraction; toxicity

Abstrak

Caulerpa lentillifera ialah alga marin yang dikultur secara meluas dan dimakan di Asia dan Oceania. Kemunculan teknik hijau kini popular untuk pengekstrakan fitokimia. Oleh itu, penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji komposisi proksimat, fitokimia dan sifat antioksidan bagi ekstrak C. lentillifera menggunakan kaedah pengekstrakan berbantu autoklaf dan mikrogelombang (A-CLE dan M-CLE). Ketoksikan ekstrak telah diuji terhadap sel kolon normal manusia dan krustasea air tawar Daphnia magna. Kami mendapati bahawa kandungan lipid mentah, abu dan lembapan dalam A-CLE adalah lebih rendah daripada M-CLE, manakala protein mentah dan karbohidrat mentah lebih tinggi dalam A-CLE. Jumlah kandungan flavonoid dalam A-CLE (1.474 ± 0.046 mg ekstrak QE g^-1) adalah lebih tinggi daripada M-CLE (1.179 ± 0.054 mg ekstrak QE g^-1). Tiada perbezaan dalam jumlah kandungan fenol, kandungan triterpenoid dan aktiviti antioksidan antara ekstrak. IC₅₀ A-CLE (12,260 ± 197 µg mL^-1) adalah lebih tinggi daripada M-CLE (10,950 ± 169 µg mL^-1). Dalam ujian ketoksikan akut, LC₅₀ A-CLE terhadap D. magna (7.50 ± 0.28 g L^-1) adalah lebih rendah daripada LC₅₀ M-CLE (8.76 ± 0.26 g L^-1). Kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa pengekstrakan berbantu autoklaf dan mikrogelombang adalah kaedah hijau yang berkesan untuk mengekstrak C. lentillifera. Penyelidikan ini adalah penting untuk kajian lanjut ekstrak C. lentillifera dalam meningkatkan kesihatan manusia dan haiwan.

Kata kunci: Antioksidan; Caulerpa lentillifera; ketoksikan; pengekstrakan berbantu autoklaf; pengekstrakan berbantu mikrogelombang

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*Corresponding author; email: saranya.pe@psu.ac.th